Measured Data

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

25 kW/m² R1 25 kW/m² R2 25 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 133.00 151.50 112.50
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 9.75 9.50 -2.00
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 282.60 300.14 303.44

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

50 kW/m² R1 50 kW/m² R2 50 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 18.00 17.50 14.25
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 10.75 12.00 10.25
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 280.61 296.41 249.46

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

75 kW/m² R1 75 kW/m² R2 75 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 7.25 5.75 6.25
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 9.00 9.00 13.25
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 369.70 333.32 309.41

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.035 0.012
50 0.01 0.003
75 0.004 0.002

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1283.0 63.0
20.0 1358.0 53.0
30.0 1417.0 57.0
40.0 1469.0 58.0

Dried

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1172.0 58.0
20.0 1232.0 77.0
30.0 1282.0 79.0
40.0 1326.0 78.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.095 0.006
45.0 0.100 0.006

Dried

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.088 0.006
45.0 0.093 0.006

Derived Data

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R1 R2 R3 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 12.43 11.94 12.64 12.34 0.29

Temperature at Onset of Decomposition

The temperature at onset of decomposition [Tonset] is a derived quantity computed from data collected in simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments.

3 °C/min 10 °C/min 30 °C/min
Mean Onset Temperature (°C) 222 242 258
Std. Dev. Onset Temperature (°C) NaN 3 1
Mean Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) 5.28e-04 5.40e-04 5.45e-04
Std. Dev. Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) NaN 0.34e-04 0.42e-04
Mean Mass Fraction at Onset 0.97 0.98 0.98
Std. Dev. Mass Fraction at Onset NaN 0.00 0.00
Mean Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) 440 459 477
Std. Dev. Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) NaN 2 3

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.857 0.003
800.0 0.818 0.004
1000.0 0.773 0.007
1200.0 0.726 0.010
1400.0 0.683 0.014
1600.0 0.646 0.018
1800.0 0.615 0.021
2000.0 0.590 0.025