Measured Data

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1075.0 46.0
20.0 1121.0 34.0
30.0 1153.0 48.0
40.0 1100.0 53.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.042 0.000
65.0 0.050 0.001

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

25 kW/m² R1 25 kW/m² R2 25 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 35.75 34.75 36.00
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 26.25 24.50 26.00
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 200.78 206.43 214.89

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

50 kW/m² R1 50 kW/m² R2 50 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 6.25 6.50 5.75
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 19.75 20.25 21.25
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 355.27 346.70 324.99

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

75 kW/m² R1 75 kW/m² R2 75 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 3.25 3.25 3.75
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 16.00 16.50 16.00
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 443.34 463.23 410.57

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.029 0.001
50 0.029 0.004
75 0.031 0.001

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Derived Data

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R1 R2 R3 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 19.58 19.71 19.79 19.69 0.09

Soot Yield

Soot yield [g/g] was calculated from smoke obscuration data collected in cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean Soot Yield [g/g] Soot Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.072 0.005
50 0.056 0.009
75 0.065 0.009

Temperature at Onset of Decomposition

The temperature at onset of decomposition [Tonset] is a derived quantity computed from data collected in simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments.

10 °C/min
Mean Onset Temperature (°C) 233
Std. Dev. Onset Temperature (°C) 8
Mean Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) 3.36e-04
Std. Dev. Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) 0.58e-04
Mean Mass Fraction at Onset 0.99
Std. Dev. Mass Fraction at Onset 0.00
Mean Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) 488
Std. Dev. Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) 5

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.922 0.002
800.0 0.892 0.002
1000.0 0.859 0.004
1200.0 0.824 0.006
1400.0 0.793 0.008
1600.0 0.767 0.011
1800.0 0.745 0.013
2000.0 0.728 0.015