Measured Data

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1067.0 6.0
20.0 1105.0 19.0
30.0 1137.0 2.0
40.0 1171.0 5.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.181 0.004
45.0 0.194 0.004

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

25 kW/m² R1 25 kW/m² R2 25 kW/m² R3 25 kW/m² R4 25 kW/m² R5
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 343.50 295.00 380.00 659.25 1102.50
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 263.50 270.00 43.75 35.25 34.00
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 722.93 550.70 642.00 790.23 876.02

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

50 kW/m² R1 50 kW/m² R2 50 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 88.50 84.25 81.75
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 224.25 220.00 207.25
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 911.83 906.15 880.18

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

75 kW/m² R1 75 kW/m² R2 75 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 42.25 36.50 39.75
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 21.50 226.75 210.75
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 716.84 831.76 796.47

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.016 0.013
50 0.03 0.002
75 0.028 0.001

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Derived Data

Soot Yield

Soot yield [g/g] was calculated from smoke obscuration data collected in cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean Soot Yield [g/g] Soot Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.053 0.004
50 0.048 0.002
75 0.057 0.002

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R1 R2 R3 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 21.45 22.24 21.17 21.62 0.45

Temperature at Onset of Decomposition

The temperature at onset of decomposition [Tonset] is a derived quantity computed from data collected in simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments.

3 °C/min 10 °C/min 30 °C/min
Mean Onset Temperature (°C) 356 385 409
Std. Dev. Onset Temperature (°C) NaN 2 2
Mean Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) 1.02e-03 1.51e-03 1.38e-03
Std. Dev. Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) NaN 0.29e-03 0.10e-03
Mean Mass Fraction at Onset 0.98 0.98 0.98
Std. Dev. Mass Fraction at Onset NaN 0.00 0.00
Mean Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) 451 471 497
Std. Dev. Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) NaN 0 2

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.952 0.001
800.0 0.951 0.001
1000.0 0.944 0.002
1200.0 0.933 0.003
1400.0 0.919 0.004
1600.0 0.906 0.006
1800.0 0.893 0.007
2000.0 0.882 0.008