Measured Data

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1603.0 294.0
20.0 1682.0 309.0
30.0 1764.0 322.0
40.0 1838.0 338.0

Dried

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1293.0 251.0
20.0 1356.0 257.0
30.0 1408.0 266.0
40.0 1461.0 275.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.106 0.014
45.0 0.114 0.015

Dried

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.091 0.013
45.0 0.098 0.014

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

25 kW/m² R1 25 kW/m² R2 25 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 72.75 56.25 71.75
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 13.50 16.75 16.50
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 270.80 243.78 263.48

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

50 kW/m² R1 50 kW/m² R2 50 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 11.00 11.75 10.00
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 12.75 13.25 12.50
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 323.52 307.72 307.04

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

75 kW/m² R1 75 kW/m² R2 75 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 3.75 4.50 4.25
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 11.75 13.75 12.75
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 381.19 368.60 377.06

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.016 0.002
50 0.008 0.0
75 0.008 0.002

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Derived Data

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R1 R2 R3 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 12.65 12.39 13.49 12.84 0.47

Temperature at Onset of Decomposition

The temperature at onset of decomposition [Tonset] is a derived quantity computed from data collected in simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments.

3 °C/min 10 °C/min 30 °C/min
Mean Onset Temperature (°C) 229 237 249
Std. Dev. Onset Temperature (°C) NaN 3 4
Mean Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) 5.60e-04 5.21e-04 5.80e-04
Std. Dev. Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) NaN 0.05e-04 1.10e-04
Mean Mass Fraction at Onset 0.97 0.98 0.98
Std. Dev. Mass Fraction at Onset NaN 0.00 0.00
Mean Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) 437 456 449
Std. Dev. Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) NaN 3 15

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.879 0.002
800.0 0.845 0.003
1000.0 0.804 0.005
1200.0 0.759 0.008
1400.0 0.717 0.011
1600.0 0.681 0.014
1800.0 0.651 0.017
2000.0 0.626 0.020