Measured Data
Specific Heat
Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.
Unconditioned
| Temperature (C) | Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) | Standard Deviation (J/kg-K) |
|---|---|---|
| 10.0 | 1392.0 | 96.0 |
| 20.0 | 1447.0 | 104.0 |
| 30.0 | 1516.0 | 101.0 |
| 40.0 | 1578.0 | 113.0 |
Thermal Conductivity
Experiments for thermal conductivity [k] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned samples at 15 °C and 65 °C.
Unconditioned
| Temperature (C) | Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) | Standard Deviation (W/m-K) |
|---|---|---|
| 15.0 | 0.068 | 0.002 |
| 45.0 | 0.073 | 0.002 |
Mass Loss Rate (MLR)
Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
Cone Calorimeter Test Notes:
This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the test, HF50_R1, and prevented in all other tests by the use of tie wires.
Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer
Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2
Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2
Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2
Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)
Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the test, HF50_R1, and prevented in all other tests by the use of tie wires.
Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2
| 25 kW/m² R1 | 25 kW/m² R2 | 25 kW/m² R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Sustained Ignition (s) | 80.75 | 73.50 | 80.50 |
| Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) | 123.75 | 12.50 | 11.50 |
| Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) | 181.73 | 172.98 | 181.78 |
Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2
| 50 kW/m² R1 | 50 kW/m² R2 | 50 kW/m² R3 | 50 kW/m² R4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Sustained Ignition (s) | 12.50 | 14.00 | 13.00 | 16.00 |
| Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) | 11.75 | 14.75 | 13.00 | 13.75 |
| Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) | 331.03 | 255.25 | 287.74 | 270.34 |
Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2
| 75 kW/m² R1 | 75 kW/m² R2 | 75 kW/m² R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Sustained Ignition (s) | 6.75 | 7.25 | 7.75 |
| Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) | 10.50 | 13.25 | 10.00 |
| Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) | 389.92 | 377.58 | 396.14 |
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield
Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the test, HF50_R1, and prevented in all other tests by the use of tie wires.
| Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] | Mean CO Yield [g/g] | CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g] |
|---|---|---|
| 25 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| 50 | 0.007 | 0.0 |
| 75 | 0.007 | 0.0 |
Specific Heat Release Rate
Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.
Derived Data
Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)
Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments.
Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter
| Value | R1 | R2 | R3 | Mean | Std. Dev. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) | 11.83 | 11.59 | 11.33 | 11.58 | 0.2 |
Temperature at Onset of Decomposition
The temperature at onset of decomposition [Tonset] is a derived quantity computed from data collected in simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments.
| 3 °C/min | 10 °C/min | 30 °C/min | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Onset Temperature (°C) | 176 | 191 | 207 |
| Std. Dev. Onset Temperature (°C) | NaN | 5 | 1 |
| Mean Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) | 4.42e-04 | 4.56e-04 | 4.01e-04 |
| Std. Dev. Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) | NaN | 0.49e-04 | 0.04e-04 |
| Mean Mass Fraction at Onset | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
| Std. Dev. Mass Fraction at Onset | NaN | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mean Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) | 429 | 462 | 481 |
| Std. Dev. Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) | NaN | 7 | 4 |
Band Averaged Emissivity
Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.
| Source Temperature [K] | Emissivity | Std. Dev. |
|---|---|---|
| 600.0 | 0.877 | 0.003 |
| 800.0 | 0.838 | 0.004 |
| 1000.0 | 0.792 | 0.006 |
| 1200.0 | 0.744 | 0.009 |
| 1400.0 | 0.699 | 0.013 |
| 1600.0 | 0.661 | 0.017 |
| 1800.0 | 0.629 | 0.020 |
| 2000.0 | 0.603 | 0.023 |
Soot Yield
Soot yield [g/g] was calculated from smoke obscuration data collected in cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the test, HF50_R1, and prevented in all other tests by the use of tie wires.
| Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] | Mean Soot Yield [g/g] | Soot Yield Std. Dev. [g/g] |
|---|---|---|
| 25 | 0.001 | 0.0 |
| 50 | 0.007 | 0.0 |
| 75 | 0.01 | 0.0 |