Measured Data

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1481.0 11.0
20.0 1546.0 12.0
30.0 1616.0 14.0
40.0 1673.0 14.0

Dried

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1140.0 37.0
20.0 1184.0 40.0
30.0 1235.0 47.0
40.0 1273.0 39.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.173 0.006
45.0 0.182 0.006

Dried

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.100 0.003
45.0 0.109 0.003

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

25 kW/m² R1 25 kW/m² R2 25 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 187.00 164.25 176.25
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 18.75 31.00 21.25
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 402.60 347.38 361.25

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

50 kW/m² R1 50 kW/m² R2 50 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 35.00 25.00 32.00
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 17.25 17.25 18.00
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 429.51 466.56 487.23

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

75 kW/m² R1 75 kW/m² R2 75 kW/m² R3
Time to Sustained Ignition (s) 14.25 12.25 15.50
Time to Peak HRRPUA (s) 11.75 15.25 11.50
Peak HRRPUA (kW/m²) 580.31 589.82 605.00

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.017 0.001
50 0.01 0.0
75 0.024 0.029

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Derived Data

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.956 0.001
800.0 0.945 0.001
1000.0 0.921 0.003
1200.0 0.889 0.005
1400.0 0.856 0.007
1600.0 0.827 0.010
1800.0 0.801 0.013
2000.0 0.779 0.015

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R2 R3 R4 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 11.67 11.24 10.89 11.27 0.32

Temperature at Onset of Decomposition

The temperature at onset of decomposition [Tonset] is a derived quantity computed from data collected in simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments.

3 °C/min 10 °C/min 30 °C/min
Mean Onset Temperature (°C) 184 201 212
Std. Dev. Onset Temperature (°C) NaN 1 5
Mean Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) 4.33e-04 4.17e-04 4.14e-04
Std. Dev. Normalized MLR at Onset (1/s) NaN 0.03e-04 0.05e-04
Mean Mass Fraction at Onset 0.98 0.98 0.98
Std. Dev. Mass Fraction at Onset NaN 0.00 0.00
Mean Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) 474 487 506
Std. Dev. Temperature at end of Decomposition (°C) NaN 7 11