Measured Data
Specific Heat
Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.
Unconditioned
Temperature (C) | Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) | Standard Deviation (J/kg-K) |
---|---|---|
10.0 | 1369.0 | 11.0 |
20.0 | 1445.0 | 19.0 |
30.0 | 1518.0 | 9.0 |
40.0 | 1604.0 | 10.0 |
Dried
Temperature (C) | Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) | Standard Deviation (J/kg-K) |
---|---|---|
10.0 | 1081.0 | 16.0 |
20.0 | 1122.0 | 16.0 |
30.0 | 1173.0 | 12.0 |
40.0 | 1232.0 | 16.0 |
Thermal Conductivity
Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.
Unconditioned
Temperature (C) | Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) | Standard Deviation (W/m-K) |
---|---|---|
15.0 | 0.125 | 0.002 |
45.0 | 0.134 | 0.002 |
Dried
Temperature (C) | Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) | Standard Deviation (W/m-K) |
---|---|---|
15.0 | 0.086 | 0.002 |
45.0 | 0.093 | 0.002 |
Mass Loss Rate (MLR)
Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
Cone Calorimeter Test Notes:
This material warps into an arched shape in the fire's decay phase. This was prevented in all tests by the use of tie wires.
Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer
Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2
Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2
Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2
Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)
Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
This material warps into an arched shape in the fire's decay phase. This was prevented in all tests by the use of tie wires.
Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2
Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2
Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield
Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.
This material warps into an arched shape in the fire's decay phase. This was prevented in all tests by the use of tie wires.
Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] | Mean CO Yield [g/g] | CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g] |
---|---|---|
25 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
50 | 0.011 | 0.005 |
75 | 0.026 | 0.002 |
Specific Heat Release Rate
Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.
Derived Data
Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)
Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in both micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments and cone calorimeter experiments.
Cone Calorimeter Test Notes:
This material warps into an arched shape in the fire's decay phase. This was prevented in all tests by the use of tie wires.
Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter
Value | R1 | R2 | R3 | Mean | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) | 11.71 | 12.18 | 10.38 | 11.42 | 0.76 |
Cone Calorimeter
Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] | Mean Effective Heat of Combustion [MJ/kg] | Effective Heat of Combustion Std. Dev. [MJ/kg] |
---|---|---|
25 | 13.6 | 0.2 |
50 | 17.3 | 1.3 |
75 | 19.3 | 0.4 |
Band Averaged Emissivity
Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.
Source Temperature [K] | Emissivity | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|
600.0 | 0.949 | 0.001 |
800.0 | 0.935 | 0.001 |
1000.0 | 0.915 | 0.002 |
1200.0 | 0.891 | 0.004 |
1400.0 | 0.870 | 0.005 |
1600.0 | 0.851 | 0.007 |
1800.0 | 0.835 | 0.008 |
2000.0 | 0.822 | 0.010 |